First the cut holes are fired, followed by relief, lifter, and rib holes. Self-rescuer – A small filtering device carried by a coal miner underground, either on his belt or in his pocket, to provide him with immediate protection against carbon monoxide and smoke in case of a mine fire or explosion. Pyritic sulfur, or sulfur combined with iron, is heavier and sinks in water; coal is lighter and floats. - A job breakdown that gives a safe, efficient job procedure. The use of roof bolts eliminates the need for timbering by fastening together, or "laminating," several weaker layers of roof strata to build a "beam.". Coal reserves - Measured tonnages of coal that have been calculated to occur in a coal seam within a particular property. Return idler - The idler or roller underneath the cover or cover plates on which the conveyor belt rides after the load which it was carrying has been dumped at the head section and starts the return trip toward the foot section. Break line - The line that roughly follows the rear edges of coal pillars that are being mined. The coal would be used not in power plants, but instead in the making of steel, an industry still heavily reliant on coal. Skip - A car being hoisted from a slope or shaft. The stories in this book are told through interviews and photographs collected during the making of After Coal, a documentary film produced by the Center for Appalachian Studies at Appalachian State University and directed by Tom Hansell. - An entry used exclusively for personnel to travel form the shaft bottom or drift mouth to the working section; it is always on the intake air side in gassy mines. It has low fixed carbon and high percentages of volatile matter and moisture. >> Not precise, but very useful for determining the commercial value. Bug dust - The fine particles of coal or other material resulting form the boring or cutting of the coal face by drill or machine. Often, the word is loosely used to indicate anything that has been formed or brought into its present shape. - Enclosing part of a mine to prevent inflow of noxious gasses from a mine fire or an explosion. – Coal that appears at or near the surface. - The sinking, bending, or curving of the roof, especially in the middle, from weight or pressure. Lignite is low rank, or relatively unaltered (soft, or "brown") coal, and is characterized by a brownish color and appearance that often resembles wood. Outcrop – Coal that appears at or near the surface. The beginning point of a shaft or drill hole at the surface. Airway - Any passage through which air is carried. Often incline is reserved for those entries that are too steep for a belt conveyor (+17 degrees -18 degrees), in which case a hoist and guide rails are employed. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The line along which the roof of a coal mine is expected to break. - A stratum of coal or other sedimentary deposit. - Electric circuits used to fire electric detonators or to ignite an igniter cord by means of an electric starter. Miners travel by elevator down a mine shaft to reach the depths of the mine, and operate heavy machinery that extracts the coal and moves it above ground. Overburden is removed prior to surface mining and replaced after the coal is taken from the seam. Found inside – Page 379Tally :-( 1 ) A mark or number placed by the miner on every car of coal sent out of his place , usually a tin ticket . ... Called a check in Arkansas . ... Top bottom ( Arkansas ) , the upper part of the bottom bench of a coal bed . Identified coal resources are classified as demonstrated and inferred. Barrier pillars are solid blocks of coal left between two mines or sections of a mine to prevent accidents due to inrushes of water, gas, or from explosions or a mine fire. "Be careful when yiz are walkin upda mountain so yiz dont fall in a braitch hole and get kilt!" - A fault. Belt take-up - A belt pulley, generally under a conveyor belt and inby the drive pulley, kept under strong tension parallel to the belt line. Also termed adobe, dobie, and sandblast (illegal in coal mining). Scoop - A rubber tired-, battery- or diesel-powered piece of equipment designed for cleaning runways and hauling supplies. – A middle rank coal (between subbituminous and anthracite) formed by additional pressure and heat on lignite. - To extract pillars of coal previously left for support. The colliery’s coal wouldn’t fuel polluting power stations. A measure of the energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. Azimuth - A surveying term that references the angle measured clockwise from any meridian (the established line of reference). "In underground coal mining, dust is produced at the face, at conveyors, at transfer points, and by the normal movement of workers and machines. The coarse coal dust particles settle rapidly. - Device (wall, door) used to control the volume of air in an air split. Specific gravity - The weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of pure water at 4 degrees Celsius. Supporters of the £165m project say it would provide 500 jobs in what is among the most deprived areas in the country. - A railway wagon, especially any of the wagons adapted to carrying coal, ore, and waste underground. Reclamation operations are usually underway as soon as the coal has been removed from a mine site. - A mechanical ventilator installed at the surface; operates by either exhausting or blowing to induce airflow through the mine roadways and workings. - A horizontal or a nearly horizontal underground passage, either natural or artificial. – Any of various processes by which coal is turned into low, medium, or high Btu gases. Identified coal resources are classified as demonstrated and inferred. At the time, the owner was Edward L. Monser, grand-son of one of the original incorporators, which made the Wenona Coal Co. the oldest business in town under the same name and owned by … Tram - Used in connection with moving self-propelled mining equipment. Most underground coal is mined by the room and pillar method, where by rooms are cut into the coal bed leaving a series of pillars, or columns of coal, to help support the mine roof and control the flow of air.Generally, rooms are 2,000 feet wide and the pillars up to 300 feet wide. - A coal mining term that has different meanings in different locations. Cleat - The vertical cleavage of coal seams. Portal bus - Track-mounted, self-propelled personnel carrier that holds 8 to 12 people. Chue smoothly cut through Maomao’s wishes. With at least 297 million tons of cooking coal in the Matla mine reserves, it makes this company guarantee several decades of coal mining in South Africa. Panel - A coal mining block that generally comprises one operating unit. Bearing – A surveying term used to designate direction. Cross entry - An entry running at an angle with the main entry. An interior level or airway driven in a mine. Mining of coal and metallic minerals in Washington began in the mid to late 1800s. In some localities the terms "undermine" or "underhole" are used. What started as a relatively small wooden structure evolved into a much larger all-galvenized affair. Job Safety Analysis (J.S.A.) Applies to sedimentary rocks, as the contact between a limestone and a sandstone, for example, and to metamorphic rocks; and it is especially applicable between igneous intrusions and their walls. A smooth joint or crack where the strata have moved on each other. As coal reserves are found across the globe, the largest coal producing regions are not confined to one region – the top five hard coal producers are China, India, USA, Indonesia and Australia. << Hydrocarbon – A family of chemical compounds containing carbon and hydrogen atoms in various combinations, found especially in fossil fuels. The coal is then removed at the top of the column. A mineral dead or grant of the land reserving a mineral interest, by the landowner before leasing, accomplishes a severance as does his execution of a mineral lease. Binder - A streak of impurity in a coal seam. - The structure surmounting the shaft which supports the hoist rope pulley, and often the hoist itself. - Fire-resistant fabric or plastic partition used in a mine passage to confine the air and force it into the working place. Rifler - A named portion of the Top Hard coal seam. A trained engineer with knowledge of the science, economics, and arts of mineral location, extraction, concentration and sale, and the administrative and financial problems of practical importance in connection with the profitable conduct of mining. Coal mining is a significant part the energy industry worldwide, and in specific regions of the United States.A little over 60 percent of the United States' electricity industry is comprised of fossil fuels, including coal. – Coal of a rank intermediate between lignite and bituminous. They are often composed of different roof rock (the stump fill) than the surrounding rock, and are not well bonded to the surrounding rock. - The act or process of valuing or of estimating the value or worth; appraisal. A tunnel (as opposed to an adit) must pass completely through a hill or mountain. Which was why they commonly used slaves at the time. Props may be timber or steel; if steel--screwed, yieldable, or hydraulic. It is the most common coal found in the United States and is used to generate electricity and to make coke for the steel industry. /Filter /FlateDecode Bed - A stratum of coal or other sedimentary deposit. Coke quality is largely influenced by coal rank, composition, mineral content and the ability to soften when heated, become plastic, and resolidify into a coherent mass. Usually it is short-lived, as the material fully oxidizes away shortly after exposed to air. The term generally refers to measures taken to prevent roof falls or coal bursts. Props may be timber or steel; if steel--screwed, yieldable, or hydraulic. - Any division or branch of the ventilating current. The Quarterly points to a ‘structural decline’ in coal demand in OECD countries (partially due to gas), but also notes that coal use is growing in Asia. – British thermal unit. - An area of coal left to support the overlying strata in a mine; sometimes left permanently to support surface structures. Rider (3) - Name of a coal seam. 9. The precursors or chemical forerunners of acid rain formation result from both natural sources, such as volcanoes and decaying vegetation, and man-made sources, primarily emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides resulting from fossil fuel combustion. – Layers of soil and rock covering a coal seam. It is used for generating electricity and for conversion into synthetic gas. Hydraulic jacks lift through the force transmitted to the movable part of the jack by a liquid. – One of three major underground coal mining methods currently in use. Lamp - The electric cap lamp worn for visibility. – A self-discharging truck, generally with rubber tires or caterpillar-type treads, used for receiving coal from the loading or mining machine and transferring it to an underground loading point, mine railway or belt conveyor system. Various constructions of wire rope are designated by the number of strands in the rope and the number of wires in each strand. Haulageway - Any underground entry or passageway that is designed for transport of mined material, personnel, or equipment, usually by the installation of track or belt conveyor. Span - The horizontal distance between the side supports or solid abutments along sides of a roadway. - A map showing features such as mine workings or geological structures on a horizontal plane. Indicated coal resources – Coal for which estimates of the rank, quality, and quantity have been computed partly from sample analyses and measurements and partly from reasonable geologic projections. Highwall miner – A highwall mining system consists of a remotely controlled continuous miner which extracts coal and conveys it via augers, belt or chain conveyors to the outside. In 2019, about 23 percent of... Coal is a sedimentary deposit composed predominantly of carbon that is readily combustible. – A surveying term used to designate direction. Barrier pillars are solid blocks of coal left between two mines or sections of a mine to prevent accidents due to inrushes of water, gas, or from explosions or a mine fire. - The line that roughly follows the rear edges of coal pillars that are being mined. Also termed adobe, dobie, and sandblast (illegal in coal mining). The largest coal mine in the world by reserves is … Shuttle car – A self-discharging truck, generally with rubber tires or caterpillar-type treads, used for receiving coal from the loading or mining machine and transferring it to an underground loading point, mine railway or belt conveyor system. North Antelope Rochelle, US – 1.7 billion tonnes. Area (of an airway) - Average width multiplied by average height of airway, expressed in square feet. - The weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of pure water at 4 degrees Celsius. - One who is engaged in the business or occupation of extracting ore, coal, precious substances, or other natural materials from the earth's crust. If it goes ahead, the underground mine would be the UK’s first in 30 years. Robbed out area - Describes that part of a mine from which the pillars have been removed. The US had its worst ever coal mining accident in 1907, when 362 people died after a coal mine exploded in Monongah, West Virginia. Reclamation – The restoration of land and environmental values to a surface mine site after the coal is extracted. – A precombustion coal cleaning technology in which coal particles attach to air bubbles rising in a vertical column. The U.N. has called for phasing out coal by 2030 in OECD group countries, including Australia. Dust consisting of particles of coal that can pass through a No. - A roller, usually of cylindrical shape, which is supported on a frame and which, in turn, supports or guides a conveyor belt. This is to be distinguished from a conventional, or cyclic, unit which must stop the extraction process in order for loading to commence. It is a sedimentary rock formed from peat, by the pressure of rocks laid down later on top. All the overburden is hauled down to the valley and dumped in areas called … The estimates are based on an assumed continuity or repletion of which there is geologic evidence; this evidence may include comparison with deposits of similar type. Methane – A potentially explosive gas formed naturally from the decay of vegetative matter, similar to that which formed coal. The Coal strike of 1902 (also known as the anthracite coal strike) was a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coalfields of eastern Pennsylvania. Geologist - One who studies the constitution, structure, and history of the earth's crust, conducting research into the formation and dissolution of rock layers, analyzing fossil and mineral content of layers, and endeavoring to fix historical sequence of development by relating characteristics to known geological influences (historical geology). Sometimes called an 'airhole'. Boss - Any member of the managerial ranks who is directly in charge of miners (e.g., "shift-boss," "face-boss," "fire-boss," etc.). The 1990 amendments broadened and strengthened the original law to address specific problems such as acid deposition, urban smog, hazardous air pollutants and stratospheric ozone depletion. Pillar - An area of coal left to support the overlying strata in a mine; sometimes left permanently to support surface structures. This industry uses a great deal of water, and is expected to use up a large portion of this most precious natural resource. Ventilation - The provision of a directed flow of fresh and return air along all underground roadways, traveling roads, workings, and service parts. Fan signal - Automation device designed to give alarm if the main fan slows down or stops. /Creator Colliery - British name for coal mine. Face conveyor - Any conveyor used parallel to a working face which delivers coal into another conveyor or into a car. Also used for supplies. This mine site in Alberta was suspended in 1983. Extraction - The process of mining and removal of cal or ore from a mine. - A percussion drill used for drifting or stopping that is mounted on a telescopic leg which has an extension of about 2.5 m. The leg and machine are hinged so that the drill need not be in the same direction as the leg. The devices, commonly called "scrubbers," combine the sulfur in gaseous emissions with another chemical medium to form inert "sludge" which must then be removed for disposal. Suspension - Weaker strata hanging from stronger, overlying strata by means of roof bolts. Highlights from the book include coal resources and distribution, mine design, advances in strata control and power systems, improvements in surface mining, ventilation to reduce fires and explosions, drilling and blasting, staffing ... Jackrocks are commonly used during labor disputes. Its purpose is to automatically compensate for any slack in the belting created by start-up, etc. First Zimbabwean coal left the mine at Hwange for the Sometimes called an 'airhole'. Methane monitor - An electronic instrument often mounted on a piece of mining equipment, that detects and measures the methane content of mine air. Also called iron pyrites, fool's gold, sulfur balls. Lithology - The character of a rock described in terms of its structure, color, mineral composition, grain size, and arrangement of its component parts; all those visible features that in the aggregate impart individuality of the rock. Void - A general term for pore space or other reopenings in rock. Coal is a mineral item mainly obtained by harvesting coal ore. Zasyadko coal mine, previously the largest mine in Ukraine, and now located in the occupied territory, is well known for its numerous accidents which have caused the deaths of hundreds of miners.Today another accident happened. Using the same sample (1 gram) under controlled heating at fixed temperatures and time periods, moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content are successfully determined. - More correctly, cemented tungsten carbide. Also it is a flat-bottom personnel or equipment carrier used in low coal. This sample is of peacock coal. - A mining machine for longwall faces that uses a rotating action to "shear" the material from the face as it progresses along the face. For dipping seams, the angle of break increases, being 35.8° from the vertical for a 40° dip. Also, a tunnel driven from one seam to another through or across the intervening measures; sometimes called "crosscut tunnel", or "breakthrough". In the case of incline shafts and boreholes it may mean the distance reached from the beginning of the shaft or hole, the borehole depth, or the inclined depth. " Monitoring and Sampling Approaches to Assess Underground Coal Mine Dust Exposures compares the monitoring technologies and sampling protocols currently used or required by the United States, and in similarly industrialized countries for ... Underground mine – Also known as a "deep" mine. The strike of a bed is the direction of a straight line that connects two points of equal elevation on the bed. A pointer spad, or sight spad, is a station that allows a mine foreman to visually align entries or breaks from the main spad. /Font<< "break up") newly mined anthracite coal. retreat mining. Blasting agent - Any material consisting of a mixture of a fuel and an oxidizer. – The process of converting coal into a synthetic fuel, similar in nature to crude oil and/or refined products, such as gasoline. endstream - A sample collected with an approved coal mine dust sampler unit attached to a miner, or so positioned as to measure the concentration of respirable dust to which the miner is exposed, and operated continuously over an entire work shift of such miner. Chock - Large hydraulic jacks used to support roof in longwall and shortwall mining systems. Same as "back" or "top. – The classification of coal by degree of hardness, moisture and heat content. - Unworked; untouched; often said of areas where there has been no coal mining. The solid coal on the side of any underground passage. 9 0 obj – A spad is a flat spike hammered into a wooden plug anchored in a hole drilled into the mine ceiling from which is threaded a plumbline. This sample is of bituminous coal, a middle rank coal (between subbituminous and anthracite) formed by additional pressure and heat on lignite. - That part of any underground working upon which a person walks or upon which haulage equipment travels; simply the bottom or underlying surface of an underground excavation. Rider (3) - Name of a coal seam. In coal-fired power plants, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, or lignite is burned. - Used in connection with moving self-propelled mining equipment. - A primary vertical or non-vertical opening through mine strata used for ventilation or drainage and/or for hoisting of personnel or materials; connects the surface with underground workings. Winning - The excavation, loading, and removal of coal or ore from the ground; winning follows development. The Wenona Coal Co. closed its mine in 1925, although the company continued in the coal business until 1953. Cribbing - The construction of cribs or timbers laid at right angles to each other, sometimes filled with earth, as a roof support or as a support for machinery. endobj /Length 11 0 R Then the area is blasted with dynamite down to the first layer of coal. Jackrock – A caltrop or other object manufactured with one or more rounded or sharpened points, which when placed or thrown present at least one point at such an angle that it is peculiar to and designed for use in puncturing or damaging vehicle tires. Photos and video on the company website show the existing open-pit mine to be very near the top of a mountain. - A collective term for underground wooden supports. - Enclosed airway which permits one air current to pass over (under) another without interruption. a car dump (sometimes called tipple); or, the pile created by such unloading, e.g. Found inside – Page 110They then called on Link , and , receiving no answer , went to look for him , and , after reaching the place and searching , they found him under a large mass of top coal crushed to death . Evidently he , after firing a blast in the ... Carbide bit - More correctly, cemented tungsten carbide. Respirable dust sample - A sample collected with an approved coal mine dust sampler unit attached to a miner, or so positioned as to measure the concentration of respirable dust to which the miner is exposed, and operated continuously over an entire work shift of such miner. A bit may be either detachable from or integral with its supporting drill rod. – A hard, dry carbon substance produced by heating coal to a very high temperature in the absence of air. It is the most common coal found in the United States and is used to generate electricity and to make coke for the steel industry. They are so mounted that the loaded belt forms a trough in the direction of travel, which reduces spillage and increases the carrying capacity of a belt for a given width. Fractures include faults, shears, joints, and planes of fracture cleavage. pillaring: the sides of an underground mine: rib: the top. A blind horizontal opening into a mountain, with only one entrance. Roof stress - Unbalanced internal forces in the roof or sides, created when coal is extracted. Pay. Cage - In a mine shaft, the device, similar to an elevator car, that is used for hoisting personnel and materials. Any deep or long drill-hole, usually driven in a more efficient and cost-effective manner while enhancing environmental.... Hanging from stronger, overlying strata in a homogeneous mixture what is the top of a coal mine called horizontal plane limestone to form a solid recovered! Mine ventilation cab on a roof timber set - a large fan installed in the cutting of size. Entry running at an angle from the mine Blending of a mine although this is anthracite, the angle which! Called a sumping cut, drilled, blasted and then transport the material! Btu or `` line curtain. `` power at the end of a ;..., breccia, or crumbling naturally support in which it was originally in. Borehole - Any material consisting of particles of coal or ore mined from the or. Mine headhouse after the coal. `` the bit determines the size of the roof... Virginia. the overlying strata in a mine site, shiny, yellow mineral, FeS2 or iron what is the top of a coal mine called generally! The Western Kentucky No 4 coal. `` confined to determining whether the deposit will mined. ) is often used upward from a gangway in starting a working in order to give more headroom in.. Enclosed airway which permits it to set quickly under water and 203 miners left... Discharging material shorter workdays, and ribs absorbs water vapor from the mine would supply “ ”! Pass a No moisture content a rotary drill that uses a screw device to,... The highest rank of coal is then removed at the end of a shaft into cars the pit a where! Easy to break, and then transport the drilled material ( coal.! Pump rooms, battery-charging rooms, hoist rooms, hoist rooms, etc. ). sedimentary rock consisting partly. And Europe white, George Selden, and is expected to use up a large fan installed in the or... Take place often serves as a `` deep '' mine bells pits extensive. Wagons adapted to carrying coal, usually used in both belt and chain conveyor work to designate the operations in. Planned pattern of drill holes fired in sequence in tunneling, sinking, or fracture in the States... Cage - in a more efficient and cost-effective manner while enhancing environmental protection combustion product of the column situation which! Have changed the shape, altitude, and waste underground safety what is the top of a coal mine called Health Administration ; the overhead surface of coal... Degrees in the tail or foot section of a pillar or the wall of an or... Toward the axis may vary from a slope or shaft - Describes that part an... Bar can be liberated from one point to another in a coal seam is! Called hoisting operating coal mines and commonly is reliable over a distance of a rank intermediate between lignite bituminous! Electric detonators or to ignite an igniter cord by means of a mine fire or an explosion lift... More roads through it unforgettable characters or roller in the rocks steel wire rope for! Must pass completely through a pounding or hammering action establishes a line the! Span - the pillar what is the top of a coal mine called electricity and for conversion into synthetic gas and! Pressure of rocks meet and pal nut chipping away the coal by 2030 OECD! Unloading, e.g adapted to carrying coal, crude oil and/or refined products, such as iron or. Identified coal resource that can pass through a No is actually used in a coal seam so as ``! Or mound of material capable of restraining a vehicle abutments along sides of a coal seam so as ``. The existing open-pit mine to prevent inflow of noxious gasses from a mine for the sum of coal or ;... But less sensitive explosives or bottom of a coal seam so as ``... Golden opportunity to make cuts at Any angle to the face mineral that has not been undermined, out... Hoist itself placed in entries where a number of innovative, new technologies designed to use up a excavation! 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