The unification of Saudi Arabia was a 30-year-long military and political campaign, by which the various tribes, sheikhdoms, and emirates of most of the Arabian Peninsula were conquered by the House of Saud, or Al Saud, between 1902 and 1932, when the modern-day Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was proclaimed. ... professionals and youth in many … [138][139][140][141] According to Meir-Glitzenstein, such suggestions were "not intended to solve either the problem of the Palestinian Arab refugees or the problem of the Jewish minority in Iraq, but to torpedo plans to resettle Palestinian Arab refugees in Iraq". [14] In 2009, only 26,000 Jews remained in Arab countries and Iran. Overall, the gender disparity in adult literacy is high in this region, and of the illiteracy rate, women account for two-thirds, with only 69 literate women for every 100 literate men. "[299] He restated that case in a review of Martin Gilbert's book, In Ishmael's House. The United States was a destination of many Egyptian, Lebanese and Syrian Jews. "This book, Non-Europhone Intellectuals, studies the research carried out on the Islamic library and shows that Muslim intellectuals, in West Africa in particular, have produced huge literature in Arabic and Ajami"--Publisher's description. ", "Pieds-noirs": ceux qui ont choisi de rester, "The Forgotten Refugees - Historical Timeline", "Israel's advent altered outlook for Middle East Jews", "France's Chief Rabbi Protests to Tunisian Envoy over Attacks on Jewish Homes and Shops", "Netanyahu Tells UN Assembly That Israel's Attack on PLO Bases in Tunisia Was Act of Self-defense", Ethnicity and National Memory: The World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries (WOJAC) in the Context of the Palestinian National Struggle, "The Final Exodus of the Libyan Jews in 1967 - Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs", "50 year anniversary of the arrival of the Lybian Jews", London Review of Books, Vol. Two of the dependencies, Reunion and Mayotte, are controlled by France. Other large cities in the subregion include Egypt’s Alexandria and Morocco’s Casablanca. [177] Some 25,000 Jews, almost half of the Jewish community left, mainly for Europe, the United States, South America and Israel, after being forced to sign declarations that they were leaving voluntarily, and agreed with the confiscation of their assets. The term "Arab" often connotes the Arabian Peninsula, but the larger (and more populous) part of the Arab World is North Africa. As of 2019, there are 116 countries in the EMEA. The proximity of North Africa to Europe has always encouraged interaction, and this continues with Arab immigration to Europe and European interest in the Arab countries today. Today, there are about 200 left. [89] After attacks in 1967, Jewish emigration both to Israel and France accelerated. The least populous county in the subregion is Libya, with around 6.87 million people. Pan-Arabism has mostly been abandoned as an ideology since the 1980s, and was replaced by Pan-Islamism on one hand, and individual nationalisms on the other. They were allowed to take only one suitcase and a small sum of cash, and forced to sign declarations "donating" their property to the Egyptian government. [8], Later waves peaked at different times in different regions over the subsequent decades. [222], In the mid 1950s, 10% of those who had moved to Israel returned to Turkey. The most populous country in Northern Africa is Egypt, which has a total population of more than 102 million. [62] Although the relations with the Jewish community at the highest levels of government were cordial, these attitudes were not shared by the lower ranks of officialdom, which exhibited attitudes that ranged from traditional contempt to outright hostility. The least populous county in the subregion is Libya, with around 6.87 million people. [187] Unlike in other Arab countries, the Lebanese Jewish community did not face grave peril during the 1948 Arab–Israel War and was reasonably protected by governmental authorities. This sea is a long and narrow waterway with a northwest tilt, stretching 2,300 kilometers from Egypt's Sinai peninsula southeast to the Bab-el-Mandeb strait between Djibouti in Africa and Yemen in Arabia but on average just 150 kilometers wide. [151] According to Esther Meir-Glitzenstein, "The thousands of poor Jews who had left or been expelled from the peripheral cities, and who had gone to Baghdad to wait for their opportunity to emigrate, were in an especially bad state. "Findings of the Tribunal relating to the Claims of Jews from Arab Lands". The modern borders of Egypt, therefore, are not a creation of European powers, and are at least in part based on historically definable entities which are in turn based on certain cultural and ethnic identifications. In 1948, about 38,000 Jews lived in Libya. Through the early 1950s, Zionist organizations encouraged emigration, particularly in the poorer south of the country, seeing Moroccan Jews as valuable contributors to the Jewish State: The more I visited in these (Berber) villages and became acquainted with their Jewish inhabitants, the more I was convinced that these Jews constitute the best and most suitable human element for settlement in Israel's absorption centers. Hillel, Shlomo. This book is intended to provide lawyers and businesses with an overview of the legal systems and processes in relation to arbitration in all the Arab jurisdictions in the Middle East and North Africa: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, ... In 2004 simple resolutions H.Res. If the ruler for some reason or other moved on the map, because of some person's hand shaking, then the frontier moved (with the hand). The Jewish population in East Bengal was 200 at the time of the Partition of India in 1947. [214], During 1923–1948, approximately 7,300 Jews emigrated from Turkey to Palestine. 1989. If you were to ask ten people how many countries are in the world, you would probably hear ten different answers. [124][125], Shortly after the Farhud in 1941, Mossad LeAliyah Bet sent emissaries to Iraq to begin to organize emigration to Israel, initially by recruiting people to teach Hebrew and hold lectures on Zionism. I came at the behest of Zionism, due to the pull that this land exerts, and due to the idea of redemption. Tel Or had existed until its depopulation in 1948 during the Arab–Israeli War, when it was overran by the Transjordanian forces. The Syrian secret police closely monitored the Jewish community. [27][28] The decree began a wave of Pied-Noir-led anti-Jewish protests (such as the 1897 anti-Jewish riots in Oran[29]), which the Muslim community did not participate in, to the disappointment of the European agitators. Jacob's Children in the Land of the Mahdi: Jews of the Sudan. [142] In July 1949 the British government proposed to Nuri al-Said a population exchange in which Iraq would agree to settle 100,000 Palestinian refugees in Iraq; Nuri stated that if a fair arrangement could be agreed, "the Iraqi government would permit a voluntary move by Iraqi Jews to Palestine. The largest drivers of the economy are agriculture, natural resources, and trade.In 2013, it was the fastest growing continent and remains a powerhouse of resources, ideas, and innovation. Islamic terrorism became a problem in the Arab world in the 1970s to 1980s. Coptic, Maronite and Assyrian Christian enclaves exist in the Nile Valley, Levant and northern Iraq respectively. Some Libyan Jews who had been evacuated temporarily returned to Libya between 1967 and 1969 in an attempt to recover lost property. "Sephardim in Israel: Zionism from the Standpoint of its Jewish Victims". The migration was entirely voluntary, and was primary driven by economic factors given the majority of emigrants were from the lower classes. The history of the exodus has been politicized, given its proposed relevance to the historical narrative of the Arab–Israeli conflict. Its permanent headquarters are located in Cairo. [185] Emigration continued until 1962, when the civil war in Yemen broke out. Another influential document written without the consensus of the local population was the Balfour Declaration. It is located on the west coast of Northern Africa, between Morocco to the north and Mauritania to the south. [207] Jordan had planned transforming the quarter into a park,[208] but neither UNRWA nor the Jordanian government wanted the negative international response that would result if they demolished the old Jewish houses. A small Jewish graveyard still exists in the vast Mewa Shah Graveyard near the shrine of a Sufi saint. The eastern part of the Arab world is called the Mashriq. This event was the first sign to the Jewish community that minority rights were meaningless under Iraqi monarchy. In 1949, following defeat in the Arab–Israeli War, the CIA-backed March 1949 Syrian coup d'état installed Husni al-Za'im as the President of Syria. The war continued in low intensity throughout the 1980s, though Morocco made several attempts to take the upper hand in 1989–1991. Their expansion beyond Arabia and the Syrian desert is due to the Muslim conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries. [197] In 1967, in the aftermath of the Six-Day War, antisemitic riots broke out in Damascus and Aleppo. However, negative attitudes toward Jews increased after 1948, and, by 1967, most Lebanese Jews had emigrated—to Israel, the United States, Canada, and France. [170] The drive to Egyptianize public life and the economy harmed the minorities, but the Jews had more strikes against them than the others. Through an airlift and the aid of several ships, over 6,000 Libyan Jews were evacuated to Italy by the Italian Navy, where they were assisted by the Jewish Agency for Israel. The most severe racial violence between the start of World War II and the establishment of Israel erupted in Tripoli in November 1945. [204] According to a complaint Israel made to the United Nations, all but one of the thirty-five Jewish houses of worship in the Old City were destroyed. [205], In the wake of the 1948 war, the Red Cross accommodated Palestinian refugees in the depopulated and partly destroyed Jewish Quarter. The Hezbollah, a militant Islamic party in Lebanon, was founded in 1982. [316], May 9, 2021, the first physical memorialization in Israel of the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from Arab land and Iran was placed on the Sherover Promenade in Jerusalem. Malta, an island country in Southern Europe whose national language also derives from Arabic (through Sicilian Arabic), is not included in the region. It is also the third largest of the Arab world. The two most violent and prolonged conflicts in the aftermath of the Arab Spring are the Libyan Civil War and Syrian Civil War. Follow me as I take you on a tour through the top 5 0 richest African countries, based on GDP per capita. Two weeks after the law went into force, the Iraqi interior minister demanded a CID investigation over why Jews were not registering. However, there is another Nakba: the Jewish Nakba. Hence the east- and especially southeast-coast boundary of Arab Africa has historically been a gateway for maritime trade and cultural exchange with both East Africa and the subcontinent. With 6.5 million international tourists, South Africa appears as the first destination of the African continent by 18% of international arrivals in Africa. Dr. Fritz Grobba, who resided in Iraq since 1932, began to vigorously and systematically disseminate hateful propaganda against Jews. It was initially referred to in English as the "Gulf War" prior to the "Gulf War" of 1990. Sussex. "[291], The issue of comparison of the Jewish exodus with the Palestinian exodus was raised by the Israeli Foreign Ministry as early as 1961. Youth literacy rate (ages 15–24) in the Arab region increased from 63.9 to 76.3% from 1990 to 2002. It also has several formally recognized national languages; besides Somali, many people speak Afar, which is also an Afro-Asiatic language. Algerian Jews). The Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, or Jewish exodus from Arab countries, was the departure, flight, expulsion, evacuation and migration of 850,000 Jews, primarily of Sephardi and Mizrahi background, from Arab countries and the Muslim world, mainly from 1948 to the early 1970s.The last major migration wave took place from Iran in 1979–80, as a consequence of the Iranian Revolution. East along the coast from Morocco are Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, followed by Egypt, which forms the region's (and the continent's) northeastern corner. [162], The emigration law was to expire in March 1951, one year after the law was enacted. United Arab Emirates - Learn the Geography of United Arab Emirates. [61], Emigration to Israel jumped from 8,171 persons in 1954 to 24,994 in 1955, increasing further in 1956. [82], As of the last census in Algeria, taken on 1 June 1960, there were 1,050,000 non-Muslim civilians in Algeria (10 percent of the total population including 130,000." The resultant polity was named the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz from 1927 until it was further consolidated with Al-Hasa and Qatif into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. Some Karachi streets still bear names that hark back to a time when the Jewish community was more prominent; such as Ashkenazi Street, Abraham Reuben Street (named after the former member of the Karachi Municipal Corporation), Ibn Gabirol Street, and Moses Ibn Ezra Street—although some streets have been renamed, they are still locally referred to by their original names. [160], Between April 1950 and June 1951, Jewish targets in Baghdad were struck five times. As of August 2009 it was reported that Saudi Arabia is the strongest Arab economy according to World Bank. All the countries of Northern Africa identify themselves as Arab and Muslim countries. On 10 January 1961 the Egoz, a Mossad-leased ship carrying Jews attempting to emigrate undercover, sank off the northern coast of Morocco. The third man, Yehuda Tajar, was sentenced to 10 years in prison. In 2006, the TFG, assisted by Ethiopian troops, assumed control of most of the nation's southern conflict zones from the newly formed Islamic Courts Union (ICU). [315], In 2009, Israeli lawmakers introduced a bill into the Knesset to make compensation for Jews from Arab and Muslim countries an integral part of any future peace negotiations by requiring compensation on behalf of current Jewish Israeli citizens, who were expelled from Arab countries after Israel was established in 1948 and leaving behind a significant amount of valuable property. Similarly, Chad, Eritrea, and Israel recognize Arabic as one of their official or working languages but are not included in the region because they are not members of the Arab League (although Chad and Eritrea applied for full membership in 2014). In their discussions--the basis of this book--they identified and analyzed a wide range of problems and issues involved. These struggles were settled by the imperial powers approving the form of independence given, so as a consequence almost all of these borders have remained. [15], Although no globally accepted definition of the Arab world exists,[6] all countries that are members of the Arab League are generally acknowledged as being part of the Arab world.[6][16]. be taken against all Jews in Arab countries". To the east, the Red Sea defines the boundary between Africa and Asia, and thus also between Arab Africa and Arab Western Asia. [54] In August 1953, riots broke out in the city of Oujda and resulted in the death of 4 Jews including an 11-year-old girl. The proximity of North Africa to Europe has always encouraged interaction, and this continues with Arab immigration to Europe and European interest in the Arab countries today. [Some of us] came to this country before the state was born. The 2012 bill, which was moved to committee, proposed to recognize the plight of "850,000 Jewish refugees from Arab countries", as well as other refugees, such as Christians from the Middle East, North Africa, and the Persian Gulf. [233][234][235], The Afghan Jewish community declined from about 40,000 in the early 20th century to 5,000 by 1934 due to persecution. In Arab states, Standard Arabic is used by the government. Israeli columnist Ben Dror Yemini, himself a Mizrahi Jew, wrote:[295]. Abu Shakrah (2001). "[301], Alon Liel, a former director-general of the Foreign Ministry says that many Jews escaped from Arab countries, but he does not call them "refugees". "From Babylonia To Beverly Hills: The Exodus of Iran's Jews" Documentary. [224], Even though historically speaking populist antisemitism was rarer in the Ottoman Empire and Anatolia than in Europe,[225] historic antisemitism still existed in the empire, started from the maltreatment of Jewish Yishuv prior to World War I, but most notably, the 1917 Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation, which was considered as the first anti-Semitic act by the empire. Since its foundation in 1989, the UMA's most significant accomplishment has been the establishment of a 7000 km highway crossing North Africa from Mauritania to Libya's border with Egypt. Gruen, George E. (1983) Tunisia's Troubled Jewish Community (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1983). [122] The Israeli invasion as part of the Suez Crisis caused a significant upsurge in emigration, with 14,000 Jews leaving in less than six months between November 1956 and March 1957, and 19,000 further emigrating over the next decade. Between 1948 and 1953, about one-third of Iranian Jews immigrated to Israel. Jews under Islamic rule were given the status of dhimmi, along with certain other pre-Islamic religious groups. The Arab League was formed in 1945 to represent the interests of the Arabs, and especially to pursue the political unification of the Arab world, a project known as Pan-Arabism. Even with the aggressiveness or perhaps because of it, both Jewish and Arab leaders inform me that the inter-racial relations are better now than they have been for several years and that understanding, tolerance and cooperation are present at any top level meeting between the leaders of the two communities."[102][103]. [192] In 1948, the government banned the sale of Jewish property and in 1953 all Jewish bank accounts were frozen. 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